Illustration of a student measuring the dimensions of a yellow car

General Legislation & Driver Requirements

Name: General Legislation & Driver Requirements
Author: Chris Prosman

80 Questions

Medium

8 Parts

Overview of the most important legislation for drivers, from the driving licence to seat belt requirements and traffic checks. Practice for free for your CBR car theory exam.

Chris Prosman September 4, 2026

Study material

What will you learn?

This module covers all the legal rules that directly apply to drivers, such as driving licence categories, alcohol limits and seat belt requirements.

Reading comfort Dyslexia-friendly

General Legislation & Driver Requirements at a glance

Driving licence and documents

After the theory and practical exam, you apply for a driving licence. It is valid for a maximum of 10 years and is then renewed with a new passport photo. For the first 5 years, you are a new driver. Always take your original driving licence and vehicle registration card with you: a copy or photo is not valid.

Alcohol and measures

A new driver may have a maximum of 0.2 promille of alcohol in their blood (about 1 glass), an experienced driver 0.5 promille (about 2.5 glasses). If there is too much alcohol, the police may impose a driving license suspended for a maximum of 24 hours; in the case of a serious offence, a driving license suspended follows, and sometimes a mandatory course (LEMA or EMA/EMG).

Insurance, damage form and APK

Before you go on the road, your car must be insured. WA covers damage to other people, and all-risk also covers damage to your own car. In the event of a collision, you always fill in a damage form. A new diesel car goes to the APK for the first time after 3 years, a petrol car after 4 years.

Vehicles with and without driving licence B

With driving licence B, you may drive a car, a snorfiets (blue number plate, max 25 km/h, cycle path, helmet), a bromfiets (yellow number plate, max 45 km/h, helmet) and a brommobiel. A speed-pedelec falls under the bromfiets rules. For a motorcycle, you need driving licence A, and a helmet.

Seat belts, seating positions and passengers

Everyone in the car wears the three-point seat belt tightly across the chest. Children smaller than 1.35 metres sit in an approved child seat or on a booster seat; with a rear-facing child seat, the airbag is switched off. The head restraint is set at the height of the back of the head and as close behind it as possible. With driving licence B, you may carry a maximum of 8 passengers next to yourself.

Checks, phone use and mirrors

When you are given a stop signal by the police or customs, you always stop, and you never refuse a breath test or saliva test. Touching your phone while driving is prohibited; hands-free phone use is not prohibited, but it is discouraged. Before you set off, adjust your mirrors and, with every sideways movement, take the blind spot into account.

For the CBR, you need to know exactly how long a driving licence is valid, when you are a new driver and which documents you must have with you in original form.

You also need to know which vehicles you may drive with driving licence B, and that you can lose your driving licence for dangerous driving behaviour.

Core rule: a driving licence is valid for a maximum of 10 years. With driving licence B, you are a new driver for the first 5 years, and while driving you have your original driving licence and vehicle registration card with you.

Validity of the driving licence

If you pass the theory exam and the practical exam, you can apply for your driving licence.

A driving licence is valid for a maximum of 10 years. After that, it must be renewed, with a new passport photo.

If you have passed driving licence B, then according to the law you are a new driver for the first 5 years. This determines, among other things, how much alcohol you may drink (part 2).

Documents you must have with you

While driving, you have your driving licence and the vehicle registration card with you. Only the original documents are valid: a photo on your phone or a copy is not.

What you may drive with driving licence B

With driving licence B, you may drive not only a car, but also a snorfiets, a bromfiets and a brommobiel. You can recognise a brommobiel by the sticker with "45" on the back.

A motorcycle (also with sidecar) may not be driven with driving licence B: for that you need driving licence A. The features and rules for snorfiets, bromfiets, speed-pedelec and motorcycle are in part 7. How many passengers you may take is in part 3.

Brommobiel seen from behind, with the 45 sticker on the back — You can recognise a brommobiel by the sticker with 45 on the back. Driving licence B is enough.

Driving entitlement: you can lose your driving licence

Driving a car is a privilege, not a right. If you put yourself or others in danger, for example by reckless driving behaviour, you run the risk of losing your driving licence.

So don’t drive after alcohol, don’t take part in street races and don’t drive through red lights. You can read which measures may follow (driving license suspended, driving license suspended, LEMA and EMG) in part 2.

You've covered Legislation: Driving licence. Does it stick?

For the CBR, you mainly need to know this: driving under the influence of alcohol is strictly prohibited, and new drivers have a lower alcohol limit than experienced drivers.

You also need to know the difference between a driving license suspended, a driving license suspended and the mandatory courses LEMA and EMG.

Core rule: a new driver may have a maximum of 0.2 promille alcohol in their blood, an experienced driver a maximum of 0.5 promille. Your body takes about 1.5 hours to process one standard glass, and you cannot speed that up.

Why alcohol in traffic is punished strictly

With alcohol in your blood, your ability to react decreases. As a result, you can easily cause a serious accident, with possibly fatal consequences for yourself and for others. That is why the government has strict rules for alcohol in traffic.

How much may you drink?

Driver	When	Maximum	About
New driver	Not yet 5 years with your driving licence	0.2 promille	1 glass of alcohol
Experienced driver	More than 5 years with your driving licence	0.5 promille	2.5 glasses of alcohol

Which drink you drink doesn’t matter: standard glasses are adjusted per type of drink to the alcohol percentage. A glass of gin therefore contains the same amount of alcohol as a glass of beer, even though the percentage is higher. A large glass of spirits is not a standard glass; the comparison does not apply there.

Breakdown of alcohol

Your body takes about 1.5 hours to break down one standard glass. After that, the effects are not gone yet: breaking it down costs energy and makes you tired. Alcohol can therefore still affect your driving behaviour after it has been broken down.

Drinking coffee or water does not speed up the breakdown. Your body cannot speed up the breakdown of alcohol, no matter how much you might want to.

Driving license suspended, driving license suspended, LEMA and EMG

Driving license suspended

If you are caught with too much alcohol in your blood, the police can impose a driving license suspended for a maximum of 24 hours. While it lasts, you may not drive any vehicle: no car, but also no bicycle, e-bike, brommobiel, lorry or skelter.

Driving license suspended

After a serious offence, a driving license suspended may follow: your driving licence is taken in and you may not drive for a certain period, even not during driving lessons. Then you may only drive a bicycle, because you don’t need a driving licence for that. A bicycle with electric pedal assistance falls under the same rules as a normal bicycle, so it may also be driven.

If you refuse a breath test or saliva test during a check, you also get a fine and a driving license suspended (part 8).

LEMA and EMG

If you behave badly in traffic, you can be required to take a course. Both courses are intended to make you aware of the dangers of your behaviour and to change that behaviour.

Course	For whom	If you do not follow the course
LEMA (Light Educational Measure Alcohol and Traffic)	Drivers who drove under the influence of alcohol, new and experienced. Comes on top of the driving license suspended and the fine.	The CBR can declare your driving licence invalid.
EMG (Educational Measure Behaviour and Traffic)	Drivers with dangerous driving behaviour, even if they are sober: reckless driving, driving too fast, tailgating, aggressive behaviour.	Your driving licence can be declared invalid; then you have to take the exam again.

Example situations

Situation 1

You have had your driving licence for 3 years and you drink two glasses of beer at a party. May you drive home?

No. You are still a new driver: maximum 0.2 promille, about one standard glass. Two glasses is too much, and a cup of coffee changes nothing.

Situation 2

You get a driving license suspended for 24 hours and think: then I’ll take the bicycle.

That’s not allowed. During a driving license suspended, you may not drive any vehicle, not even a bicycle. With a driving license suspended, cycling is actually allowed. That is the difference between the two.

You've covered Legislation: Alcohol and medicines. Does it stick?

With driving licence B, you may not transport people without limit. For the CBR, you mainly need to remember: maximum 8 passengers next to the driver, and only if everyone has their own seat with a working three-point seat belt.

The vehicle itself also counts: if the vehicle weighs more than 3500 kg or you want to take more than 8 passengers, then driving licence B is not enough.

Core rule: with driving licence B, you transport next to yourself a maximum of 8 passengers, each in their own seat with a working three-point seat belt, in a vehicle of no more than 3500 kg.

First count, then look at the vehicle

Passenger cars that you may drive with driving licence B come in all shapes and sizes, from a sporty two-seater to a van for a large family. When a question is about transporting, check in this order:

How many passengers are going? Maximum 8 next to the driver.
Does every passenger have their own seat? If not, then it is not allowed.
Does the three-point seat belt work in that seat? If not, then it is not allowed.
Does the vehicle weigh more than 3500 kg? Then driving licence B is not enough.

If you want to transport more than 8 people, or if the car is heavier than 3500 kg, then you need a different driving licence.

❌ "I may have a maximum of 8 people in the car."
✅ "As the driver, I may take a maximum of 8 passengers; the driver does not count."

Allowed / not allowed

Situation	With driving licence B	Why
You are driving and take 4 passengers	Yes	Under the maximum of 8.
You are driving and take 8 passengers, each with their own seat and working three-point seat belt	Yes	Exactly the maximum next to the driver.
You are driving and take 9 passengers	No	More than 8 passengers requires a different driving licence.
There are enough seats, but not everyone has their own seat with a working three-point seat belt	No	Every passenger needs their own seat with a working three-point seat belt.
You transport 7 passengers in a vehicle heavier than 3500 kg	No	The number is not the only point: the vehicle is too heavy for driving licence B.
You want to drive a scheduled bus and you only take 7 passengers	No	Few passengers does not make a scheduled bus a passenger car: vehicle and driving licence also count.

You've covered Legislation: What may you transport. Does it stick?

For the CBR, you need to know when a seat belt is required, how to wear it correctly and when a child seat or switched-off airbag is needed.

Pay special attention to three things: wear the three-point seat belt correctly, set the head restraint properly and transport children under 1.35 metres in an approved child seat or booster seat.

Core rule: everyone in the car wears the three-point seat belt tightly across the chest. Children smaller than 1.35 metres sit in an approved child seat or on a booster seat, and with a rear-facing child seat, the airbag for that seat is switched off.

The three-point seat belt

The seat belt in the car is the three-point seat belt: it is attached at three points, it has been tested as the safest way to wear it, and it is worn tightly across the chest, against the body. Wearing it is mandatory for everyone, driver and passengers. You may not use a seating position without a working three-point seat belt.

The seat belt increases your chance of survival in an accident. If you don’t wear it, you are punishable.

Never wear the seat belt as a lap belt: then it does not work properly and your head will hit the steering wheel or the dashboard in a collision. This also applies to a pregnant woman.

Picture of a boy on the back seat, where the three-point seat belt is too high on his neck; the child should have a child seat

Who gets the fine?

From 12 years old, you are personally responsible for wearing the seat belt: the fine is for the passenger themselves.
If a passenger under 12 years old does not wear a seat belt, then the driver can receive a fine.

The head restraint

The head restraint is a safety device: it prevents your head from snapping too far backwards in a collision, and thus prevents neck injuries. Set it properly for all occupants:

Distance: as close as possible behind the head. If the head restraint is too far from your back of the head, your neck will snap hard backwards in a collision (whiplash).
Height: the top should be level with the back of your head. If it is too low, your head will go over it and your neck can break.

Drawing of two head restraints: 1 is close but too low (red cross), 2 is close and at the height of the back of the head (green check mark) — Situation 1 is wrong: close, but too low. Situation 2 is correct: close and at the height of the back of the head.

Child seat and booster seat

The limit is 1.35 metres.

Smaller than 1.35 metres: always in an approved child seat. In it, the child sits higher, so the seat belt runs tightly across the chest and not over the neck.
Too big for the child seat, but still smaller than 1.35 metres (for example 1.30 metres): on a booster seat, so the seat belt still lies correctly across the chest. The same rule applies as for the child seat.
Bigger than 1.35 metres: no child seat is needed anymore; always the normal seat belt, in the front and in the back.
The seat must fit. A child seat that is too small does not protect enough: in an accident, the child’s neck can go over the edge, just like with a head restraint that is too low.

Child in a child seat that is too small: the head sticks out above the edge of the seat, with a red cross — A seat that is too small: the head sticks out above the edge. This is wrong.

Airbag and child seat

An airbag is an air cushion that, in the event of a hard impact, shoots out from the steering wheel or the dashboard. It inflates quickly and works like a cushion: your body stays in place and is not thrown against the steering wheel or through the windscreen.

There is only one situation in which the airbag must be switched off: a child in a rear-facing child seat in that seat position. If the airbag remains on, the child will be thrown backwards in an accident.

Situation	Airbag
Child in a rear-facing child seat	Must be switched off for that passenger seat position
Child in a forward-facing child seat	May remain on
Warning sticker next to the airbag	Only means "there is an airbag", not that it is switched off
Red light on the dashboard	The airbag is switched off

Rear-facing child seat on the front seat next to the driver — Rear-facing child seat in the front: the airbag for that seat position must be switched off.

Round red warning sticker with the word AIRBAG and a crossed-out rear-facing child seat — The sticker only warns that there is an airbag. It does not mean that the airbag is switched off.

Red dashboard light: a seated figure with an inflated airbag in front of them — If this red light from picture B is on, then the airbag is switched off.

Example situations

Situation 1

You take a 13-year-old passenger with you. They do not wear a seat belt. Who is responsible?

The passenger themselves. From 12 years old, you are personally responsible for wearing the seat belt.

Situation 2

A child of 1.30 metres no longer fits in the child seat, but the normal seat belt still runs along the neck. What should you do?

The child must sit on a booster seat. This falls under the same rule as the child seat, up to 1.35 metres.

Situation 3

A rear-facing child seat is placed in the front. At the airbag, you only see the warning sticker. May you drive away?

No. The sticker only means that there is an airbag. You must first switch off the airbag for that passenger seat position; then the red light will come on.

You've covered Legislation: Seat belts. Does it stick?

On the CBR exam, mirrors and blind spot are all about safe observation before you change lanes or change direction.

The core: adjust your mirrors properly before you set off and don’t drive with a obstructed wing mirror, but mirrors alone do not make the blind spot disappear.

Core rule: adjust your mirrors before you set off, and check before every lane change or other sideways movement whether other traffic could be in your blind spot and whether your mirrors and blind spot are clear. If you don’t see anything in the mirror, someone may still be driving next to you.

Mirrors: adjust before you set off

Car mirrors ensure that, as a driver, you have good visibility all around the car. Before you drive away, adjust them properly and check that they provide good visibility.

If visibility in a wing mirror is obstructed by snow or a crack, you may not go on the road.

The blind spot

Even with properly adjusted mirrors, there is still a spot next to and slightly behind the car that you cannot see: the blind spot. A car, motorcycle or cyclist can be driving there. This applies on the motorway as well as in a residential area, and it leads to accidents.

The larger the vehicle, the larger the blind spot. A lorry has a much larger blind spot than a car.
A caravan also obstructs visibility. If you drive with a caravan, you use extra wide wing mirrors.
Motorcyclists can only see in their mirrors what is directly next to them.

Car with trailer seen from above at an angle, with lines on the ground showing which area the wing mirrors cover and where the blind spot is — What you see in the wing mirrors, and the area next to it that you cannot see: the blind spot.

Look before every sideways movement

Before changing lanes: regularly check your mirrors and look to see whether traffic could be in the blind spot before you do it.
A blank mirror does not mean the space next to you is clear.
In heavy traffic: pay extra attention to small road users or those approaching quickly; they can easily disappear into the blind spot.
If in doubt: don’t carry out the manoeuvre.

❌ "I don’t see anything in my mirror, so I can move over."
✅ "I don’t see anything in my mirror and I have checked the blind spot, so I can move over."

You've covered Legislation: Mirrors and blind spot. Does it stick?

In this section, it is all about insurance, damage form, APK and responsibility. For the CBR, you mainly need to know what is compulsorily insured, when a car has to go to the APK and who can be liable.

In exam questions, pay close attention to words such as stationary car, borrowed car, collision and APK. That’s where the trick is often hidden.

Core rule: a vehicle must always be insured, even if it is stationary. In the event of a collision, you fill in a damage form, and in a borrowed car both the driver and the owner are responsible.

Insurance: always compulsory

Insurance is compulsory for all vehicles in the Netherlands. You take it out immediately after purchase, and the car remains insured, even if you leave it for a long time in a parking lot.

In principle, there are two types:

	WA (statutory liability)	All-risk (WA + fully comprehensive)
Costs	The cheapest	The most expensive and most extensive
Damage to other people	Covered	Covered
Damage to your own car	Not covered	Usually covered

If you crash into an expensive car, WA pays the damage to that car, but not the damage to your own car. All-risk usually pays for both.

Damage form

If you are involved in a collision, you are required to fill in a damage form. This allows the insurance company to handle the settlement of the damage compensation. So always have one with you.

APK

The General Periodic Vehicle Inspection (APK) is a compulsory inspection that must be carried out regularly. All important parts of the car are checked for safety requirements, so that the car is safe enough to drive.

A new diesel car must go to the APK for the first time after 3 years. Memory aid: three + diesel = drieselauto.
A new petrol car gets an extra year: first after 4 years.

Borrowed car: driver and owner

If you borrow a car, you are not "safe" because it belongs to someone else. If the car does not meet the APK requirements, you and the owner are responsible. If you hold a race in a borrowed car and you break the rules, then both the driver and the owner are liable.

This also applies the other way around: if you lend your own car out and that person behaves badly, then you are also partly responsible. So don’t just lend your car to anyone.

You've covered Legislation: Other part 1. Does it stick?

A snorfiets, bromfiets, e-bike, speed-pedelec and motorcycle look similar, but each has its own rules. For the CBR, you must recognise them by number plate and speed.

You also need to know whether a helmet is compulsory, whether the vehicle belongs on the cycle path, and which driving licence you need.

Core rule: a blue number plate is a snorfiets (maximum 25 km/h), a yellow number plate is a bromfiets (maximum 45 km/h). A speed-pedelec counts as a bromfiets, an e-bike as an ordinary bicycle, and for a motorcycle you need driving licence A.

Snorfiets and bromfiets

In car theory, scooters and mopeds are called snorfietsen and bromfietsen. You can’t always see the difference on the vehicle itself; you can see it on the number plate.

Snorfiets: blue number plate. May and can go up to a maximum of 25 km/h. Rides on the cycle path. The rider wears a helmet.
Bromfiets: yellow number plate. Faster: up to a maximum of 45 km/h, and rides between the cars. The rider and the passenger always wear a helmet.

Snorfiets with a blue number plate next to a bromfiets with a yellow number plate, seen from the back — Blue number plate: snorfiets, 25 km/h. Yellow number plate: bromfiets, 45 km/h.

E-bike and speed-pedelec

An electric bicycle or e-bike is an ordinary bicycle where pedalling is supported electrically. Pedalling becomes easier, but you don’t go much faster. That’s why the rules for an ordinary bicycle apply.

A speed-pedelec does give that speed: up to 45 km/h. That’s why it falls under the rules for the bromfiets: helmet requirement and a yellow number plate.

Speed-pedelec: an electric bicycle with a small yellow number plate at the back — A speed-pedelec looks like an e-bike, but has a yellow number plate: bromfiets rules.

Motorcycle

A motorcycle can and may reach the same speeds as a car. You need a separate motorcycle driving licence (driving licence A) for it; driving licence B is not enough. A motorcycle has a yellow number plate and a helmet is mandatory.

A motorcycle with sidecar has an extra wheel, but it remains a motorcycle: even then you need driving licence A and a helmet.

Overview

Vehicle	Recognition point	Maximum	Helmet	Driving licence
Snorfiets	Blue number plate	25 km/h	Yes	B is enough
Bromfiets	Yellow number plate	45 km/h	Yes, also the passenger	B is enough
Brommobiel	Sticker "45" at the back	–	–	B is enough
E-bike	Bicycle with pedal assist	–	–	Rules of the bicycle
Speed-pedelec	Yellow number plate	45 km/h	Yes	Rules of the bromfiets
Motorcycle, also with sidecar	Yellow number plate	Like a car	Yes	A, not B

You've covered Legislation: Other part 2. Does it stick?

In this part it’s about behaviour during a check: stopping at a stop sign from the police or customs, cooperating with a breath test or saliva test, and not touching your phone while driving.

These are typical CBR questions where you need to know what you must do immediately.

Core rule: at a stop sign from the police or customs you always stop. You never refuse a breath test or a saliva test. While driving, you don’t touch your phone.

Stop signs from the police or customs

It’s not only the police who may have you stop: a customs officer may also give you a stop sign. If you get such a stop sign, you always stop, just like with the police.

Breath test and saliva test: never refuse

If the police ask for a breath test or saliva test, you are required to cooperate. You always follow the police’s instructions and you may never refuse a test, not even on the basis of a religious belief.

If you refuse anyway, it is assumed that you are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. You will then get a fine and a driving license suspended (see part 2).

Phone: hands-free is allowed, don’t touch it

Situation	Is it allowed?	Why
Hands-free calling while driving	Not forbidden	But still discouraged: a conversation reduces your concentration on driving.
Picking up or touching your phone while driving	Forbidden	Even if the phone is switched off.
You get a call: stop at a parking lot and then call back	Allowed	That way you won’t be distracted during the conversation.

The best thing is to switch off your phone before you start driving.

You've covered Legislation: other part 3. Does it stick?

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Short answers to common questions about General Legislation & Driver Requirements.

Can you take the theory exam with extra support or read-aloud questions?

Yes. The CBR offers adapted theory exams for people who have difficulty reading, for example due to dyslexia. You can get extra time and have the questions read aloud through a headset, among other options. You request this when booking your exam at cbr.nl.

How many questions does the car theory exam have and how many mistakes may you make?

The CBR car theory exam has 50 questions. You may make a maximum of 6 mistakes: with 44 or more correct answers you pass. If you make 7 mistakes or more, you fail and have to retake the exam.

How long is your CBR theory exam valid?

A passing CBR theory exam result is valid for 1.5 years (18 months). This is the same for car, motorcycle and moped. You must pass your practical exam within those 18 months, otherwise your theory result expires and you have to take the exam again.

Keep practicing with up-to-date material

This module gives you the basics of driving licence rules, insurance, seat belt requirements and driver requirements. Because legislation changes and the CBR also tests exceptions, you learn in our app with the most up-to-date information which rules apply to you and your vehicle.

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General Legislation & Driver Requirements

What will you learn?

General Legislation & Driver Requirements at a glance

Driving licence and documents

Alcohol and measures

Insurance, damage form and APK

Vehicles with and without driving licence B

Seat belts, seating positions and passengers

Checks, phone use and mirrors

Validity of the driving licence

Documents you must have with you

What you may drive with driving licence B

Driving entitlement: you can lose your driving licence

Why alcohol in traffic is punished strictly

How much may you drink?

Breakdown of alcohol

Driving license suspended, driving license suspended, LEMA and EMG

Driving license suspended

Driving license suspended

LEMA and EMG

Example situations

Situation 1

Situation 2

First count, then look at the vehicle

Allowed / not allowed

The three-point seat belt

Who gets the fine?

The head restraint

Child seat and booster seat

Airbag and child seat

Example situations

Situation 1

Situation 2

Situation 3

Mirrors: adjust before you set off

The blind spot

Look before every sideways movement

Insurance: always compulsory

Damage form

APK

Borrowed car: driver and owner

Snorfiets and bromfiets

E-bike and speed-pedelec

Motorcycle

Overview

Stop signs from the police or customs

Breath test and saliva test: never refuse

Phone: hands-free is allowed, don’t touch it

Frequently asked questions

Keep practicing with up-to-date material

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Vehicle requirements, Tyres & Load

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